KRISIS MONETER INDONESIA : SEBAB, DAMPAK, PERAN IMF DAN SARAN
Abstract
Krisis moneter yang melanda Indonesia sejak awal Juli 1997, sementara ini telah berlangsung hampir dua tahun dan telah berubah menjadi krisis ekonomi, yakni lumpuhnya kegiatan ekonomi karena semakin banyak perusahaan yang tutup dan meningkatnya jumlah pekerja yang menganggur. Memang krisis ini tidak seluruhnya disebabkan karena terjadinya krisis moneter saja, karena sebagian diperberat oleh berbagai musibah nasional yang datang secara bertubi-tubi di tengah kesulitan ekonomi seperti kegagalan panen padi di banyak tempat karena musim kering yang panjang dan terparah selama 50 tahun terakhir, hama, kebakaran hutan secara besar-besaran di Kalimantan dan peristiwa kerusuhan yang melanda banyak kota pada pertengahan Mei 1998 lalu dan kelanjutannya.
References
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________. 1998b. “Peranan IMF Saat Krisis”, Kompas, Jakarta, 8 April.
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IMF. 1999. “Indonesia, Supplemetary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, Fourth Review Under the Extended Arrangement”, March 16.
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___________. 1998b. Krisis Moneter Tahun 1997/1998 dan Peran IMF, pidato pengukuhan Guru Besar Madya Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10 Juni.
___________. 1998c. “APEC and the Monetary Crisis in East Asia”, paper presented at the APEC Study Centre Consortium Conference, Bangi, Malaysia, August 11-13.
Thailand Letter of Intent, February 24, 1998.
“Utang Swasta Sekitar 64 Milyar Dollar AS”, Jakarta: Kompas, 2 Mei 1998.
Wessel, D., B. Davis. 1998. “Crisis Crusaders, Would-Be Keyneses Debate How to Fight Global Woes”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, September 28, hal. 1, 16.
Wessel, D., D. McDermott, G. Ip. 1997. “Money Trail: Who Ruptured the Rupiah”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, December 31, hal. 1, 22.
World Bank. 1994. Indonesia: Stability, Growth and Equity in Repelita VI, May 27.
__________. 1996. Indonesia, Dimensions of Growth, Report No. 15383-IND, May 7.
__________. 1997. Indonesia, Sustaining High Growth with Equity, Report No. 16433-IND, May 30.
__________. 1998. Indonesia in Crisis, A Macroeconomic Update, draft Report, July 2.
Bank Indonesia. 1998. “Financial Crisis in Indonesia”, Jakarta, August.
Bello, W. 1998. “Mencari Solusi Alternatif untuk Mengatasi Krisis”, saduran, Jakarta: Kompas, 1 September, hal. 3.
Ehrke, M.1998. “Pangloss oder die beste aller moeglichen Welten, Ursachen und Auswirkungen der Asienkrise”, Bonn: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Februari.
Fischer, S. 1998a. “IMF dan Krisis Asia”, Kompas, Jakarta, 6 April.
________. 1998b. “Peranan IMF Saat Krisis”, Kompas, Jakarta, 8 April.
________. 1998c. “The Asian Crisis and the Changing Role of the IMF”, Washington, D.C.: Finance & Development, Vol. 35 No. 2, June, pp. 2-5.
Greenwood, J. 1997. “The Lessons of Asia’s Currency Crisis”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, 9 Oktober, hal. 6.
Gunawan, A.H., Sri Mulyani I.. 1998. “Krisis Ekonomi Indonesia dan Reformasi (Makro) Ekonomi”, makalah pada Simposium Kepedulian Universitas Indonesia Terhadap Tatanan Masa Depan Indonesia”, Kampus UI, Depok, 30 Maret - 1 April.
Hollinger, W.C. 1996. Economic Policy under President Soeharto: Indonesia’s Twenty-Five Year Record, the United States-Indonesia Society.
IMF. 1997. “IMF Approves Stand-By Credit for Indonesia”, Washington, D.C., Press Release No. 97/50, November 5.
IMF. 1997. “IMF Approves Stand-By Credit for Indonesia”, Press Release No. 97/50, November 5.
IMF. 1998. World Economic Outlook, Washington, D.C., May.
IMF. 1999. “Indonesia, Supplemetary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, Fourth Review Under the Extended Arrangement”, March 16.
IMF Research Department Staff. 1997. “Capital Flow Sustainability and Speculative Currency Attacks”, Finance and Development, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, December, hal. 8-11.
IMF Staff. 1998. “The Asian Crisis: Causes and Cures”, Washington, D.C.: Finance & Development, Vol. 35 No. 2, June, pp.18-21.
“IMF Cairkan Semilyar Dollar AS”, Jakarta: Kompas, 6 Mei 1998.
“IMF Mulai Sadar Transparensi”, Jakarta: Kompas, 13 Mei 1998, hal. 9.
“Indonesia - IMF Agreement on Economic Reforms”, January 15, 1998.
“Indonesia - Supplementary Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies”, Jakarta, April 10, 1998.
Institute of Developing Economies (IDE). 1997. 1998 Economic Outlook for East Asia, Tokyo, December 9.
Kitamura, K.; T. Tanaka (editors). 1997. Examining Asia’s Tigers, Nine Economies Challenging Common Structural Problems, Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, IDE Spot Survey.
Korea Letter of Intent, February 7, 1998,
Krause, L.B. 1994. The Pacific Century: Myth or Reality?, the 1994 Panglaykim Memorial Lecture, Jakarta: CSIS.
Krugman, P. 1994. “The Myth of Asia’s Miracle”, Foreign Affairs, November/December, hal. 62-77.
_________. 1997. “Currency Crisis”.
_________. 1998a. “What Happened to Asia”, The Economist, January. Dimuat di Kompas dengan judul “Di Balik Terjadinya Krisis Keuangan Asia”, 27 Januari, hal. 17.
__________. 1998b. “Saatnya Dipertimbangkan Solusi Alternatif”, Jakarta: Kompas, 28 Agustus, hal. 3.
Montes, M.F. 1998. The Currency Crisis in Southeast Asia, Singapore: ISEAS, 3rd updated reprint.
Nasution, Anwar. 1997. “Lessons from the Recent Financial Crisis in Indonesia”, makalah pada “1997 Economics Conference”, diselenggarakan bersama oleh USAID, ACAES, LPEM-FEUI, Jakarta, 17-18 Desember.
Radelet, S., J. Sachs. 1998. “Why Not Let the Banks Own the Debtor Firms?”, The Sunday Times, Singapore, July 26, p. 28-29.
“RI-IMF Hasilkan Memorandum Tambahan”, Jakarta: Kompas, 9 April 1998.
“Saran Ali Wardhana untuk Atasi Krisis, Ada yang Harus Dilakukan dan yang Harus Dihindari”, Jakarta: Kompas, 26 Agustus 1998, hal. 3.
Schuman, M., N. Cho. 1997. “South Korea, IMF Agree on Bailout; Economy Is Slated for Rapid Change”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, December 4.
Sender, H.1997. “What’s a Fund for?”, Hong Kong: Far Eastern Economic Review, September 25, hal. 140-2.
Soros, G. 1998. “The Crisis of Global Capitalism”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, September 16.
Stiglitz, J. 1998. “Restoring the Asian Miracle”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, February 2, hal. 8.
Sri Mulyani Indrawati. 1998. “Kesepakatan Ketiga”, Gatra, No. 25 Tahun IV, Jakarta, 9 Mei, hal. 72-3.
Tarmidi, L.T. 1998a. “APEC dan Krisis Moneter di Kawasan Asia Timur”, majalah Global, Jakarta, No. 5, hal. 31-38.
___________. 1998b. Krisis Moneter Tahun 1997/1998 dan Peran IMF, pidato pengukuhan Guru Besar Madya Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10 Juni.
___________. 1998c. “APEC and the Monetary Crisis in East Asia”, paper presented at the APEC Study Centre Consortium Conference, Bangi, Malaysia, August 11-13.
Thailand Letter of Intent, February 24, 1998.
“Utang Swasta Sekitar 64 Milyar Dollar AS”, Jakarta: Kompas, 2 Mei 1998.
Wessel, D., B. Davis. 1998. “Crisis Crusaders, Would-Be Keyneses Debate How to Fight Global Woes”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, September 28, hal. 1, 16.
Wessel, D., D. McDermott, G. Ip. 1997. “Money Trail: Who Ruptured the Rupiah”, Hong Kong: The Asian Wall Street Journal, December 31, hal. 1, 22.
World Bank. 1994. Indonesia: Stability, Growth and Equity in Repelita VI, May 27.
__________. 1996. Indonesia, Dimensions of Growth, Report No. 15383-IND, May 7.
__________. 1997. Indonesia, Sustaining High Growth with Equity, Report No. 16433-IND, May 30.
__________. 1998. Indonesia in Crisis, A Macroeconomic Update, draft Report, July 2.
Published
2003-10-11
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Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan / Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.